Paid-In Capital

How to Calculate Paid-In Capital

The paid-in capital of a company measures the total cash that shareholders contributed to the company in exchange for the receipt of shares in the company.

The paid-in capital of a company is recorded on its balance sheet in the shareholders' equity section.

However, the section must be presented separately to abide by SEC filing requirements, with supplementary disclosures to provide more details beyond the information as stated on the balance sheet.

There are two components to the paid-in capital concept in accrual accounting (U.S. GAAP), and for the preparation of the financial statements.

• Common Stock (Par Value) → The par value of a stock issuance is the face value (FV), or nominal value, of the shares on the date of issuance.
• Additional Paid-In Capital (APIC) → The additional paid-in capital (APIC) measures the excess paid over the par value of the stock by investors. Hence, the APIC line item is often formally described as the “Capital in Excess of Par Value”.

Paid-In Capital Formula

The paid-in capital formula is the sum of the par value of common stock and the additional paid-in capital (APIC).

Conversely, the paid-in capital can be computed as the product of the total number of shares issued and the issuance price per share.

Briefly, the journal entries used to record paid-in capital are as follows – which we'll further illustrate in a "hand-on" exercise later on.

1. Paid-In Capital Journal Entries (Debit, Credit)

Suppose a public company decided to issue 10,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share to raise capital in the form of equity capital.

The investors that participated in the capital raise paid $10.00 per common share.

• Number of Share Issued = 10,000
• Par Value = $0.01
• Capital in Excess of Par Value = $10.00 – $0.01 = $9.99

Given those assumptions, where the company issued 10,000 shares at $10.00 per share with a par value of $0.01, the following journal entries are recorded post-transaction.

• Debit → Cash
• Credit → Common Stock (Par Value)
• Credit → Additional Paid-In Capital (APIC)

2. Paid-In Calculation Example

To elaborate on the prior section, the debit to the cash account captures the total cash proceeds retrieved from shareholders. Since the shares are sold at $10.00 each for 10,000 shares, the company raised $100,000 in the transaction.

• Cash = 10,000 Shares × $10 = $100,000

The credit to the common stock (par value) account reflects the par value of the shares issued. Considering the par value per share is $0.01 (and 10,000 shares were distributed), the value of the common stock is $100.

• Common Stock (Par Value) = 10,000 × $0.01 = $100

The credit to the additional paid-in capital (APIC) account captures the excess paid over the par value. Therefore, the difference between the credit to the cash account and the common stock (par value) is the amount recorded in the APIC account, which is $99.9k.

• Additional Paid-In Capital (APIC) = $100,000 − $100 = $99,900

In conclusion, the total paid-in capital from our hypothetical transaction is $100k, composed of $100 in common stock (par value) and $99.9k in additional paid-in capital (APIC).

• Paid-In Capital = $100 + $99.900 = $100,000

How to Find Paid-In Capital on the Balance Sheet

Simply put, a stock cannot be issued below its par value. Thus, if the par value of a common share is $1.00, issuing stock to an investor at a price less than the market value is legally prohibited (cannot be <$1.00).

There are legal ramifications pertaining to the risk of share issuances where the market price of the common stock per unit is less than the par value stated on the common stock certificate (and supporting documentation).

In an effort to mitigate that risk, corporations nowadays set the par value as low as possible, e.g. to $0.01 per share, or issue shares with no par value.

As a real-world example, the par value of common stock from Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) is $0.00001 per share. In contrast, the share price of Apple as of the latest closing date (11/15/2023) was $188.01.

^{Common Stock and Additional Paid-In Capital (Source: Apple, Inc. 2023 10-K)}