What is Long-Short Equity?
Long-Short Equity (L/S) is an investing strategy comprised of taking long positions on publicly-traded equities anticipated to rise in share price, paired with short-selling to mitigate downside risk.
Table of Contents
- What is Long-Short Equity?
- How Does the Long-Short Equity Strategy Work?
- What is the Performance of Long-Short Equity Funds (L/S)?
- How Does Long-Short Equity Investing Hedge Risk?
- Top Hedge Funds Ranked by AUM – Excel Template
- What are the Different Types of Short-Selling?
- Long-Short Strategy vs. Equity-Market Neutral Fund: What is the Difference?
- What is the Portfolio Beta of Long-Short Funds?
- Gross Exposure vs. Net Exposure: What is the Difference?
- What is the Investment Criteria of Long-Short Equity Funds?
How Does the Long-Short Equity Strategy Work?
The long-short equity strategy refers to portfolios with a mixture of long and short positions to capitalize and profit from both rises and declines in market prices.
Long-short equity funds are designed to profit from the upside potential of certain securities, while mitigating the downside risk.
- “Long” Positions → Equities anticipated to rise in value are purchased to profit from the upside.
- “Short” Positions → Securities borrowed from a brokerage are sold to profit from repurchasing the securities at a lower price.
For "long" positions, the investor profits from the share price of certain equities rising and outperforming the broader market.
On the other hand, the "short" position profit from declines in the share price of stocks expected to underperform the market. Before an agreed-upon date, the short-seller must return the borrowed shares to the lender.
For the short-sell to be profitable, the share must have been repurchased in the open market for lower than the price sold.
By diversifying a portfolio by mixing both long and short positions, the firm constructs a portfolio with less correlation (i.e. lower risk) to the market and specific industries/companies.
The original premise of long-short investing remains unchanged – i.e. equity-like returns with less volatility than the equities market with a focus on capital preservation – but more strategies have emerged in the increasingly competitive pursuit of generating positive alpha.
What is the Performance of Long-Short Equity Funds (L/S)?
Since long-short investing relies less on being correct on a single directional bet, firms can opportunistically profit from both rising and falling share prices.
Ideally, the long-short fund can earn outsized excess returns by picking the right long and short positions; however, this is easier said than done.
The far more likely scenario is that the fund is right on certain investments while wrong on others.
The long-short portfolio should theoretically enable the investor to minimize the potential for incurring substantial losses (or at least reduce the losses), although funds can still be easily wiped out if wrong investments are made.
Therefore, while long/short investing seeks to profit from both upside and downside movements in the pricing of equities, the lower risk comes at the expense of lower potential returns.
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How Does Long-Short Equity Investing Hedge Risk?
All portfolios containing public equities are inherently exposed to four distinct types of risks:
- Market Risk: The downside potential caused by broad market movements such as global recessions and macro-shocks
- Sector/Industry Risks: The risk of incurring losses from variables that impact just one or a handful of sectors (or industries)
- Company-Specific Risks: Often called "idiosyncratic risk," this categorization is the potential losses due to factors that pertain to specific companies
- Leverage Risks: Leverage is the usage of borrowed capital to enhance the potential returns to the fund, but doing so can also bring more downside risk (e.g. speculative derivatives like options and futures)
The priority of most long-short equity funds is to hedge against market risk, i.e. cancel out the market risk as much as possible.
The investment firm can reduce the chance of being entirely on the wrong side if the economy’s trajectory suddenly reverses (i.e. global recession) or a “black swan” event was to occur.
By limiting the market risk, the investor can focus more on stock selection. Still, the potential for suffering losses is inevitable, but the “wins” on certain positions can offset the “losses” over the long run (and result in more consistent returns with less volatility).
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What are the Different Types of Short-Selling?
There are two distinct types of shorting:
- Alpha Shorting → Short-selling individual equity positions to profit from a decline in share price.
- Index Shorting → In contrast, index shorting refers to shorting an index (e.g. S&P 500) to hedge out the long book
Most funds utilize both shorting approaches, but alpha shorting is considered the more difficult strategy and is thus more valued by the market – or, more specifically, the potential for losses in alpha shorting is much greater.
Long-Short Strategy vs. Equity-Market Neutral Fund: What is the Difference?
A long-short equity fund and equity market-neutral fund (EMN) share certain similarities regarding their aligned objectives.
Long-short fund strategies, such as equity-market neutral (EMN), are investment strategies employed by hedge funds to optimize their portfolio to mitigate the downside risk potential of their returns, i.e. protect against market volatility.
One notable difference between the fund strategies is that a market-neutral fund strives to ensure that the total value of its long/short positions is close to being equal.
The goal of an equity market neutral (EMN) fund is to generate positive returns independent of the market, even if doing so results in missing out on greater returns from more speculative investments.
Long-short equity funds are similar in that long and short positions are coupled to hedge their portfolio, but most funds are more lenient in rebalancing.
More specifically, the longs and shorts will not be adjusted, especially if a certain market prediction is performing well and has been a profitable decision.
Even if the risk increases and there is deviation from the target exposure, most long/short funds will attempt to continue to profit and ride the momentum.
Conversely, EMN funds in such circumstances will still proceed with readjusting the portfolio.
What is the Portfolio Beta of Long-Short Funds?
Equity market-neutral funds (EMN) tend to exhibit the lowest correlation with the broader market.
No correlation to the equity markets, which coincides with a portfolio beta near zero, limits the potential upside and returns to investors, but it remains consistent with the overarching goal of an EMN fund.
For EMN funds, reducing portfolio risk takes priority, which resembles the original intent of the hedge fund investment vehicle.
Long-short funds will thus have positive betas, typically “net long” or “net short”, while remaining hedged based on their market outlook (and projected direction).
Gross Exposure vs. Net Exposure: What is the Difference?
Exposure in the context of long/short investing refers to the percentage of a portfolio in either long or short positions – with two frequent measures being the following:
- Gross Exposure
- Net Exposure
Gross exposure equals the percentage of a portfolio invested in long positions, plus the percentage that is short.
Gross Exposure = Long Exposure (%) + Short Exposure (%)
If the gross exposure exceeds 100%, the portfolio is considered levered (e.g. using borrowed funds).
The net exposure represents the percentage of a portfolio invested in long positions, minus the percentage of the portfolio currently in short positions.
Net Exposure = Long Exposure (%) − Short Exposure (%)
What is the Investment Criteria of Long-Short Equity Funds?
For long positions, the following traits are typically viewed as positive indicators by long-short equity funds.
Long Position Characteristics:
- Underperforming company relative to its industry (i.e. market overreaction, over-selling)
- Company underpriced against competitors with sufficient margin of safety
- New management team with aligned incentives and strategies to increase the company’s valuation (and share price)
- An activist investor attempting to pressure management to implement certain changes that could unlock share price upside
- High-quality businesses with strong fundamentals and a sustainable competitive advantage (i.e. economic moat")
- Significant untapped upside potential (e.g. market expansion, adjacent industries) that have not yet been exploited
- “Turnaround” companies that are undergoing operational restructuring with many recent internal changes to drive value creation (e.g. new management team, divestitures of non-core business divisions, cost-cutting)
Short Position Characteristics:
On the other hand, long-short equity funds tend to view the following characteristics positively for short positions.
- Incumbent companies that have become complacent and are now prone to disruption from new entrants (e.g. Blockbuster vs. Netflix)
- Market leaders in industries at risk of no longer existing in the future
- Equities that saw substantial upside from short-term temporary trends that might not continue
- Companies under accusations or formal SEC investigations for fraudulent behavior, such as accounting tricks (i.e. inflating financial data to deceive the market)
Briefly, each investment firm, such as a hedge fund, has its unique perspectives on investing and priorities, so there are no one-size-fits-all criteria for taking long-short positions.
However, the long-short equity strategy (L/S) is designed to profit from paired long/short positions to mitigate portfolio risk, since the short positions can offset the losses on long positions (and vice versa).
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