A/R Days

How to Calculate A/R Days?

The A/R days metric, more formally referred to as days sales outstanding (DSO), counts the average number of days between the date of a completed credit sale and the date of cash collection.

In practice, the usage of A/R days is most common for two purposes:

1. Measuring Working Capital Efficiency: The fewer days it requires a company to collect cash payments from customers that paid using credit, the more efficient the company is at working capital management.
2. Forecasting Accounts Receivable: In the operating assumptions section of a financial model, A/R days is the standard method for projecting a company's future accounts receivable balance. The historical average can be taken if there is minimal variance in the trailing years, or the upward (or downward) trend can be followed. In addition, the industry average among comparable peers can also be considered to ensure the assumptions are reasonable (i.e. for a "sanity check").

For internal purposes, the importance of tracking A/R days is tied to ensuring a company is operating at the highest level of efficiency attainable.

Since A/R days quantifies the number of days necessary to obtain the unmet cash payments still owed from customers, companies have the incentive to reduce the amount of time required.

• Low A/R Days: Quicker Conversion from Credit Sales to Cash Collection
• High A/R Days: Prolonged Delay in Converting Credit Sales into Cash

The longer a company's accounts receivables (A/R) remain outstanding on its balance sheet, the less cash on hand the company possesses, which could otherwise be spent on reinvestments, such as funding its day-to-day working capital needs and capital expenditures (Capex).

A/R Days Formula

The formula to calculate the A/R days is as follows.

• Average Accounts Receivable: The average accounts receivable is equal to the sum of the beginning of period and ending of period accounts receivable balance, divided by two.
• Revenue: The revenue of a company, or "net revenue" to be more specific, represents the total monetary value generated from the sale of products and services to customers in a specified period, after adjusting for any discounts, returns, and sales allowances.

Because of the fact that revenue (i.e. the "top line") comes from the income statement, whereas the accounts receivable line item comes from the balance sheet, there is a mismatch in timing, i.e. the income statement tracks a company's financial performance over a period of time, while the balance sheet is a “snapshot” of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.

Hence, using the average accounts receivable balance is technically the more accurate method to fix the discrepancy in timing. However, unless a company's accounts receivable balance is significantly different across the two historical periods, there are no issues with using the ending balance rather than the average balance.

A/R Days Calculator – Excel Model Template

We’ll now move on to a modeling exercise, which you can access by filling out the form below.

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Step 1. Historical A/R Days Calculation Example

Suppose you're tasked with forecasting a company's accounts receivable balance for a five-year time horizon given the following historical data.

We'll start by calculating the A/R days in the historical periods to have a point of reference, which we'll achieve by dividing the sum of the current and prior period accounts receivable balance by the current period revenue, followed by multiplying the resulting figure by 365 days.

The historical A/R days come out to be 64 days and 58 days in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

• AR Days, 2021, = 64 Days
• AR Days, 2022, = 58 Days

Based on the limited information we have on hand, we'll assume our company's operating efficiency, based upon its cash collection from credit sales, appears to be improving over time considering the decline from 64 days to 58 days.

Step 2. Accounts Receivable Forecast Example (AR Days)

In the next part of our tutorial, we'll forecast our company's accounts receivable balance for the next five-year period.

Our company's revenue growth will be assumed to decline to 2.0% by the end of 2027 in equal increments, i.e. the year-over-year (YoY) growth rate declines by 4.6% in each period.

• Net Revenue, 2023 = $181 million (20.4% YoY Growth)
• Net Revenue, 2024 = $209 million (15.8% YoY Growth)
• Net Revenue, 2025 = $233 million (11.2% YoY Growth)
• Net Revenue, 2026 = $248 million (6.6% YoY Growth)
• Net Revenue, 2027 = $253 million (2.0% YoY Growth)

For our forward-looking operating assumptions regarding A/R – following industry analysis and comparisons to mature industry peers – we'll estimate our company's A/R days reaches 50 days by the end of 2027, an implied incremental reduction of approximately 2 days per year.

• AR Days, 2023, = 57 Days
• AR Days, 2024, = 55 Days
• AR Days, 2025, = 53 Days
• AR Days, 2026, = 52 Days
• AR Days, 2027, = 50 Days

With all our required assumptions now listed in our spreadsheet, we'll now project our company's accounts receivable balance across the five-year forecast period using the following formula.

Upon entering that equation into our forecast period, we arrive at the following accounts receivable balances.

• Accounts Receivable, 2023 = $28 million
• Accounts Receivable, 2024 = $32 million
• Accounts Receivable, 2025 = $34 million
• Accounts Receivable, 2026 = $35 million
• Accounts Receivable, 2027 = $35 million